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Stomatology

Types of mouth disorders: Oral cancer develops on two different stages starting with the blooming of abnormal carcinoma cells, then moving to the growth of mouth sores that remain there. &nbsp;&nbsp; These mouth lesions can appear anywhere in different areas of the oral cavity and can be extremely risky if not treated.

Oral Cancers

Gingival atrophy is when your gums begin to migrate along the tooth surface to leave them exposed. This often causes teeth sensitivity to food and substances.

Gingival Atrophy

Dental erosion also referred to as enamel erosion, erosive wear, or tooth erosion occurs when there is a loss or wear of dental hard tissue due to acidic substances and not bacteria. Soft drinks, particularly carbonated sodas and sports drinks, appear to be a significant cause of this condition.<img src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dxqhh15dp/image/upload/v1707305040/softawepost/dzwkd7pjdlw03ueld1km.jpg" width="543" height="359">

Dental Erosion

Cracked tooth syndrome is a result of bruxomania which is the habit of purposelessly&nbsp;grinding&nbsp;one’s&nbsp;teeth, especially during sleep, causing an internal crack in the teeth.A tooth crack is usually difficult to see but can cause extreme pain when biting down at the right angle. However, a minor tooth crack typically does not cause pain. Common treatments include indirect restorations.

Cracked Tooth Syndrome

Dental plaque or oral biofilm is a soft sticky film forming on the teeth surface that has millions of bacteria. This bacteria film accumulates when substances containing refined carbohydrates (starches and sugars) are not cleaned. &nbsp;&nbsp;Once plaque hardens, it turns into tartar or calculus which in turn can lead to tooth decay if not treated.

Dental Plaque & Calculus

Obesity Surgery

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a globally accepted modality to evaluate the body weight. It is calculated by dividing the body weight (in kilograms) by the height (in meters) squared. Values above 25 in women and 30 in men imply obesity and values over 40 point to morbid obesity.

How is Obesity Diagnosed?

At obesity center, a multidisciplinary team of internists, endocrinologists, obesity surgeons, dieticians, physiatrists and psychiatrists works. Considering the fact that the risk of co-existing diseases is very high in obese patients, the multidisciplinary team cooperates with all other medical departments.

What Is the Function of Obesity Center?

Basically, obesity means that the energy taken with the foods consumed is more than the amount of energy necessary for the body to fulfill its functions. If the individual has no genetic predisposition or disease, the two major underlying factors of the obesity are unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle.

Treatment of Obesity

Therefore, it is critical to follow this list in treatment of obesity:&nbsp;1. Diet TherapySince the main underlying cause of obesity is impaired energy balance, a special diet for the patient should be planned in the first step. Excess bodyweight should be gradually decreased to the ideal bodyweight with a plan made by the physician and dietician.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As losing excess weight in a short time is an unhealthy approach, patients should strictly comply with the plan made by the physician and dietician. Healthy diet should not be solely considered as the treatment of obesity, it should be considered as the key to a healthy life.2. Exercise TherapyAnother way to prevent positive energy balance that leads to fat accumulation is to increase the calories burnt by the body. Although a physically active life and regular exercise are ways to get rid of obesity, this approach should be adopted by everyone who wants to maintain a long and healthy life.Type, frequency, intensity and duration of exercise should necessarily be determined by a physician, a physiatrist and even an exercise coach, if necessary. Otherwise, the negative effects on heart and respiratory system will mask out the expected gain.3. Medication TreatmentThe aim of medical treatment of obesity is to eliminate the underlying cause of obesity and treat the complications.Medical treatment should necessarily be used as instructed by the physician and diet and exercise therapies should be simultaneously maintained for a successful treatment.&nbsp;<img src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dxqhh15dp/image/upload/v1707304805/softawepost/c3uhtnq81e99wcz0bzbx.jpg" width="646" height="506">4. Surgical TreatmentAlthough obesity surgery has historically aimed to enable weight loss, it has been discovered that in addition to the weight loss, it also eliminates the metabolic problems caused by obesity (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hepatosteatosis, insulin resistance etc.) in time.There are some criteria that the patients should meet to be eligible for obesity surgery.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Those criteria include body mass index over 40 (this value is 35 for individuals with the diseases caused by obesity), inability to eliminate obesity with diet, exercise and medical treatment for at least one year, ability of the patient to understand the reason of obesity surgery and determining that the patient will comply with recommendations to maintain the ideal bodyweight after the surgery, absence of a hormonal disorder leading to obesity, patient’s being older than 15 years of age and absence of a disease that can contraindicate the surgery.Although many techniques have been developed over years, below mentioned methods are employed for surgical management of obesity in modern medicine:&nbsp;1. Gastric bypass:&nbsp; Gastric bypass surgery is included in group of combined surgeries since it both reduces the volume of stomach and decreases the absorption. First, the volume of stomach is decreased to approximately 30-50 cc in this surgery.&nbsp;Next, this small stomach pouch is connected to the last segment of the small intestines. Thus, patients can feel full with much less foods as the stomach is reduced.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Absorption of digested foods decreases since the digested foods are bypassed a large part of the small intestine and reach the last segment of the small intestine.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gastric bypass surgery is the primarily preferred type of surgery for the patients who are diabetic, use insulin for a long time and have body mass index on borderline morbid obesity limits; the procedure is performed under general anesthesia successfully with laparoscopic (closed) method.The results of gastric bypass surgery are irreversible. The surgery ensures permanent and effective weight loss. As is the case for all surgeries, gastric bypass surgeries can lead to certain complications. This is an approximately 15% risk while risk of serious complications is even lower.&nbsp;2. Sleeve gastrectomy:&nbsp; Currently being the most commonly used surgical technique for reducing size of the stomach, this surgery has proven efficiency in weight loss and elimination of metabolic disorders.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Similar to gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy is performed under general anesthesia; the stomach is given a tube or banana-like shape and its volume is decreased by 80%. Therefore, patients can feel full with a very low amount of food. Since the region of stomach secreting the hunger hormone (Ghrelin) is also removed, the appetite is suppressed.Both reach your ideal body weight and get rid of medications you take for co-existing diseasesPatients lose weight and weight gain is also prevented with sleeve gastrectomy. Moreover, majority of comorbidities can also be eliminated and most of the patients do not need to use the medications they took for the co-existing fiseases.Although successful outcomes are achieved with obesity surgery, the patients should be followed up for a certain time after these surgeries, they should use the vitamin supplements recommended by physicians and strictly follow the diet and exercise advices that are indispensable for a healthy life.&nbsp;You can contact the global hospital and physician network of Hera Healthcare and receive counseling services for determining the most suitable surgery for your condition, setting health targets, maintaining the ideal body weight reached after obesity treatment and surgery.

You have no barrier against your ideal body weight

IVF Treatments

Infertility is defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy despite regular and unprotected intercourse for one year.&nbsp;The unit that focuses on treatment of infertility is called the Assisted Reproductive Techniques Center. Gynecologists, urologists, medical geneticians, embryologists, psychologists, biologists and nurses work in the unit, which handles the treatment of couples who cannot get pregnant through natural ways.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Considering variety of the underlying reasons, this department works in cooperation with other medical disciplines, whenever required.Infertility may be caused by male factors, female factors or both. Male factors of infertility include low sperm count, absence of sperm in semen (azospermia), hormonal factors, varicocele and similar conditions.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On the other hand, examples of the causative female factors include obstructed Fallopian tubes, hyperprolactinemia, endometriosis, anti-sperm antibodies, polycystic ovary syndrome, low egg reserve, genital infections and adherence of intra-abdominal organs.The first step to be taken for a couple, who presented with infertility, includes a comprehensive gynecologic exam, a comprehensive urologic exam, medical and family histories of man and woman, hormone analyses which may provide clues regarding infertility, sperm analysis, hysteroscopy, smear test and assessment of documents regarding previous trial(s) in the event that they have a history of infertility treatment.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Egg reserves of the woman are assessed with hormone tests and ultrasonography on the third day of the menstrual cycle. The first step aims to identify the exact underlying cause of the infertility. The second step starts when it is clarified that the couple is a good candidate for in vitro fertilization.On the second stage, ovaries are stimulated with a medication to ensure maturation of follicles. Each healthy woman releases only one egg per month, but this medication aims to have ovaries release more than one egg. Follicles are monitored with ultrasound scan and another medication is administered to release the egg from the follicles after they reach a certain size.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The last phase of this stage is oocyte pick-up (egg retrieval) under sedation or local anesthesia.The eggs retrieved from the woman are fertilized with sperms in laboratory, if there is no problem regarding motility, morphology or count of sperms. If any problem is detected in sperms, it is necessary to transfer sperm of the man into the egg with a very thin needle in order to ensure the fertilization.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In both cases, resultant embryos are assessed by an embryologist and healthy embryos are selected. If there are more healthy embryos than needed, embryos are frozen and stored for future attempts.

Infertility

After eggs are fertilized with IVF or ICSI, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis is required to avoid transmission of any disease to the baby, if health and family histories of woman and/or man are notable for any genetic disease.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After harvested embryos reach the blastocyst stage, healthy embryos are selected by the embryologist and only these embryos are transferred to the womb of the candidate mother.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis is an important method which assists selection of the healthy embryo and decreases the risk of miscarriage.<img src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dxqhh15dp/image/upload/v1705691251/softawepost/gmrctppgriqpoq3gg2ei.webp" width="800" height="400">&nbsp;On the third stage, the fertilized eggs grow for 2 to 3 days. At the end of this time period, the healthy embryos are harvested and transferred to the uterus of the candidate mother.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Embryo transfer occurs on the Day 2-3 or Day 5, depending on certain characteristics of each couple. Embryo transfer is a painless procedure and does not require anesthesia.An IVF cycle takes approximately three weeks.The family is informed about the medications that will be used after embryo transfer, which is the last stage of IVF cycle, is completed. Next, IVF pregnancy is monitored similarly to a natural pregnancy.&nbsp;Serves you until you hug the baby you dreamed of&nbsp;Global hospital and physician network of Hera Healthcare is always ready to assist you to hug the children that you have always dreamed of.&nbsp;Please contact us for special counseling.

Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis

Hair Transplantation

Hair transplant is a surgical procedure. Although various methods are utilized in hair transplant, the commonly used techniques with proven efficiency are Follicular Unit Transplantation (FUT), Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE) and Direct Hair Implantation (DHI).

Hair Transplant Methods

Having a little longer history comparing to the other two methods, FUT method implies removing strips of healthy scalp from the nape region. Each of these strips called graft includes 1 to 4 hair follicles. These strips are sutured to the scalp where there is thinning of hair or baldness.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;These sutures are removed within 2 weeks on average. Although an insignificant scar remains due to sutures, it is not visible unless the hair is cut too short.

Follicular Unit Transplantation (FUT)

Solving the scar problem in Follicular Unit Transplantation, Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE) is the most commonly used hair transplantation technique.In FUE, the grafts that are called follicular unit and include 2 to 3 hair are removed from the nape region using very fine (0.5 mm) needles. FUE technique enables use of other hair in body when there is not enough hair in nape region and this provides an advantage.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Since follicular units are harvested individually, suture is not necessary. As the procedure can be performed under local anesthesia or sedation, the patient does not suffer pain. The pain can be managed with simple painkillers after the procedure.<img src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dxqhh15dp/image/upload/v1707304275/softawepost/xji835wwcna1wpu5xscn.jpg" width="699" height="549">Hair is analyzed principally in all hair transplant techniques. The procedure is planned considering the anterior hair line and angle of follicle canals. The aim of this planning stage is to ensure a natural appearance of hair after transplant.In FUE method, hairs are cut very short before the procedure. However, Direct Hair Implantation (DHI) method ensures transplantation of hair without cutting the hair for suitable cases.After hair is cut short, follicular units are individually collected from the nape region using a micromotor. Those grafts are kept in a special solution until the transplantation stage.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Next, the canals where these follicles will be placed are opened and follicular units are implanted. In the final stage, wound dressing is performed for the donor and recipient regions and the patient can be discharged. All of these procedures are completed in 6 to 8 hours.There is no difference between FUE and FUT techniques regarding natural appearance provided that they are performed accurately.&nbsp; However, FUE technique is more commonly employed due to its advantages.Mild swelling, bruising and numbness in scalp are expected symptoms following hair transplant. Most of them spontaneously disappear without an intervention.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Your physician will inform you about the curst formations that will develop on scalp as a result of wound healing. Hairs are generally washed at the clinic for the first time after the procedure. At this stage, the patient is informed about how to wash the hair.Although hairs start to grow shortly after hair transplant, they absolutely shed generally within 1 to 2 months. This commonly seen condition is called shock hair loss and it is an expected condition.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The lost hairs will re-grow within 3 to 4 months. However, there is a very high risk of permanent shock hair loss and loss of hair in the donor site if the procedure is performed by inexperienced individuals.

Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE)

The damage in donor site is minimized as the follicular units are harvested one by one. This technique does not cause scars as it does not require suturing. Most importantly, it allows treatment if the underlying cause of hair loss or baldness is a trauma like burn.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As the damage in the scalp is minimized, recovery period is short and patients can resume their daily lives in a shorter time.

Advantages of FUE

Even if it is a simple procedure, hair transplant is essentially a surgery. Individuals who have heart disease, chronic diseases and who use blood thinners should necessarily consult to their physicians and hair transplant physician and inform them about their conditions.&nbsp;On the other hand, the procedure should absolutely be performed at hospital settings due to potential complications of minor surgeries, particularly infection.

Risks

Check-Up

Check-up aims to prevent diseases and detect disorders at early stage in high-risk patients.Many diseases progress insidiously and they are asymptomatic until the late stages. On the other hand, mild symptoms that may be indicative of a serious disease are ignored in the daily course of life.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unfortunately, the diseases identified at the late stages reduce the success of treatment and the risk of side effects increases since more aggressive treatments would be required. The fact that the success of treatment is pretty high when the diseases are detected at the early stages reveals out the importance of check-up.&nbsp;<img src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dxqhh15dp/image/upload/v1707299989/softawepost/scujm1dkkkfdsufwntta.jpg" width="624" height="418">

Why Check-up?

Anybody who wants to maintain a healthy life should have check-up. There is no age limitation to have check-up, including childhood.Also, regular check-ups will be a very correct approach to live a healthy and long life for those who are under risks due to age, sex, family history (diabetes, hypertension, hereditary cancers and diseases in family members and close relatives), lifestyle and nutritional habits.

Who Should Have Check-Up?

First, check-up content is determined according to age and sex.A health examination is made by a doctor and the check-up process is started. On this examination, your medical history, family history, nutritional habits, lifestyle and specific environmental factors are investigated.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After relevant information is obtained, below mentioned laboratory tests (blood, urine and stool) and imaging methods are ordered. The results of these tests are reviewed by check-up doctor.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In case any risk is identified for any disease, check-up content is broadened and the patient is referred to the relevant department, if required.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;At the final phase, the patient is provided recommendations for a healthy life in line with the results of all tests and examination and it is determined how frequently should the patient have check-up.<ul><li>Complete blood count</li><li>General health screening</li><li>Biochemistry profile (blood glucose, hepatic function tests, renal function tests)</li><li>Blood lipids and cholesterol</li><li>Hormone profile</li><li>Urinalysis</li><li>Fecal occult blood</li><li>ECG</li><li>Cardiac stress test</li><li>Ultrasound</li><li>Chest X-ray</li><li>Mammogram (for women aged above 40):</li><li>Cancer markers (according to age and risks)</li><li>Breast examination (for all women aged 20 and above)</li><li>Gynecologic exam (for women aged above 40):</li><li>Urologic exam (for men aged above 40)</li></ul>&nbsp;Check-up once a year helps you manage all your health risks!

Which procedures are included in Check-up?

Check-up rather serves the purpose of preventive medicine in young individuals, while it aims to detect diseases at the early stages in elderly ones. The frequency of check-ups is determined according to age, sex and risk factors, as is the case with check-up content.Generally, it is recommended to have check-up once a year for everyone regardless of age. Thanks to regular check-ups, sequential results can be compared to each other, changes in your general health status and risk factors can be followed up and necessary measures can be taken.Individuals who are under risk for any disease are recommended to have check-up more than once a year. Individuals aged above 40 are recommended to have check-up twice a year.

How frequently should you have check-up?

Following the below mentioned recommendations before presenting for check-up will enable us complete the examinations smoothly. Otherwise, the process may prolong.<ul><li>Do not eat &amp; drink anything for minimum 12 hours before presenting to the hospital. You can only drink water (excluding tea, coffee, chewing gum, and smoking).</li><li>If cardiac stress testing will be done, you should bring sportswear, sport shoes and towel.</li><li>You should avoid drinking alcohol at least 24 hours prior to the check-up appointment.</li><li>You should take shower and avoid cosmetic products (perfume, cream etc.) before the check-up.</li><li>You can take your current medications as usual, but bring these medications with you or inform your doctor in detail about the medications before the check-up.</li><li>Pregnant women should necessarily the inform check-up doctor that they are pregnant.</li><li>If you have had a check-up in the past, please bring all test results with you.</li></ul>&nbsp;Always keep in mind that the most successful treatment is prevention.&nbsp;You can contact us for a personalized check-up program.

Considerations before Check-Up

Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery

<ul><li>Cleft palate and lip</li><li>Head and neck tumors</li><li>Congenital limb anomalies</li><li>Prominent ear</li><li>Decubitus ulcers</li><li>Craniofacial surgery</li><li>Maxillofacial trauma surgery</li><li>Congenital anomalies of genital organs</li><li>Injuries secondary to accident</li><li>Non-healing or complex wounds</li><li>Scars</li><li>Skin cancers</li></ul>

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery deals with following diseases:

Nose Job (Rhinoplasty): In case the nose – one of the most prominent facial organs – is excessively large or hooked and these conditions cause aesthetic concerns, nose job, also called rhinoplasty, can be done upon the request of the patient.Rhinoplasty –most commonly performed for aesthetic concers- can also be performed for treatment of the deviated septum (a wall dividing the nasal cavity into two) and hypertrophied nasal turbinate.Eye Lid Aesthetics (Blepharoplasty): When the upper eyelid droops due to aging, it both affects the visual field and causes negative outcomes for facial aesthetic.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Moreover, wrinkles develop in the eyelids and swellings and wrinkles occur below the lower eyelid secondary to aging and environmental factors. Blepheroplasty both treats these conditions and corrects eyelid defects.Small touches convert into a far younger lookFace lift: When the elasticity of the facial tissues is lost and they cannot resist the gravity due to aging, the skin sags and grooves appear, resulting in an older look.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Aesthetic surgeons consider the patient’s expectations/requests and enable the face to look younger by eliminating such defects.Breast Aesthetics: Breast aesthetic surgeries are divided into three categories; breast augmentation, breast reduction and breast lift (mastopexy).The shape and size of the breast are important for aesthetic appearance, but more importantly the excess breast tissue leads to posture disorders and chronic back pain.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For oversized breasts, the excess breast tissue is removed. In case sagging occurs in the breast, breast reduction surgery is combined with breast lift and the appearance of the breast is improved.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thus, patients’ comfort is enhanced and certain disorders, such as back pain, are alleviated or completely eliminated.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:478/319;" src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dxqhh15dp/image/upload/v1707456543/softawepost/wvt4q0htvoet41zmeavw.png" width="478" height="319"></figure>&nbsp;Breast augmentation surgeries are among the most common aesthetic surgeries. If a woman thinks that her breasts are too small and she also aesthetic concerns, the volume/size of the breasts can be increased with a proper breast prosthesis with due consideration of the person’s expectations and body sizes.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If the oversized breasts are associated with sagging, the breast augmentation surgery is combined with breast lift, as is the case with the breast reduction surgery. In this way, both sagging is eliminated and the volume of breasts is enhanced.Tummy tuck (abdominoplasty): The elasticity of the abdominal tissues may be lost and sagging may occur as a result of aging, rapid weight gain and loss cycles and pregnancy.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Abdominoplasty (or tummy tuck) aims to improve the abdominal appearance by eliminating the sagging and excessive skin. However, this procedure should not be considered as a weight loss or leaning method.Liposuction (regional fat removal): Liposuction aims to improve the aesthetic appearance of the relevant body part by removing the regional fat deposition. The procedure should not be regarded as a weight loss surgery or method.Fat injection: Fat injection aims to eliminate grooves/pits in any body part, particularly face, and improve the volume in the relevant area. Also, it can be applied to eliminate the wrinkles.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The procedure is most commonly performed to recontour the face, cheekbones and chin tip. The fat tissue obtained from the patient is processed and injected to the relevant body part to improve the aesthetic appearance.Ear aesthetics: Cosmetic ear surgeries are surgical procedures that are carried out to eliminate excessively large or small auricles and abnormalities of ear folds. Prominent ear is one of the common childhood diseases.By the virtue of the global hospital and physician network of Hera Healthcare, you can interview with aesthetic, plastic and reconstructive surgeons and your realistic expectations can be met.&nbsp;Please contact us for special counseling.

Aesthetic Surgery

Gastroenterology

It is obvious that any gastrointestinal disease may affect the whole body. To support this truth, there is a phrase that says “intestines are called the second brain”. Therefore, Gastroenterology Clinic works in cooperation with all disciplines of the medicine.Even though Gastroenterology Clinic cooperates with Laboratory, Radiology Clinic and Pathology departments, the discovery of endoscopy is a revolutionary development in the field of Gastroenterology.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This technology has been advanced in time and the treatment could be performed in the same session as well as diagnostic procedures.Sensitivity and Precision: A Groundbreaking Development in Diagnosis and Treatment

The Gut: Our Second Brain

In endoscopy, a device (endoscope) that is equipped by a light and a camera source in one end is inserted through one of the body’s natural openings and organs with lumens are examined.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Although there are variations in names of the endoscopic procedures, the technique is identical: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy refers to endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum using an endoscope. Colonoscopy refers to endoscopic examination of the colon.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Similarly, sigmoidoscopy and rectoscopy imply endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon-a part of the colon-and rectum, respectively.<img src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dxqhh15dp/image/upload/v1705557581/softawepost/pqjgridukbnbd8g5ndfu.webp" width="600" height="600">Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-a valuable procedure for diagnosis and treatment of hepatic, bile duct and pancreatic diseases-, is a diagnostic tool that integrates an endoscopic procedure with X-ray imaging.

What are endoscopy, esophagogastroscopy and colonoscopy?

An endoscope is inserted into the mouth and advanced to the esophagus, stomach and duodenum. It is investigated whether stenosis (for instance, esophagus-stomach junction), polyp (stomach and small intestine), ulcer (stomach and duodenum), cancer and other diseases exist in these organs.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If ulcer, stenosis or polyp is identified, such conditions are treated as well in the same session. The procedure can be performed under sedation or anesthesia, when needed.

Esophagogastroduoenoscopy

An endoscope is inserted into the anus and advanced through the entire colon. In case a polyp or ulcer is detected in the colon, such conditions can be treated at once and tumor-like formations are biopsied.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It is a very important procedure regarding diagnosis and follow-up of colorectal cancers. The procedure can be performed under sedation or anesthesia, when needed.

Colonoscopy

<ul><li>Esophageal stenosis</li><li>Difficulty swallowing.</li><li>Foreign body in the esophagus</li><li>Gastro-esophageal reflux</li><li>Esophageal cancer</li><li>Gastric cancer</li><li>Ulcerative colitis and Chron’s disease (inflammatory bowel diseases)</li><li>Diverticulum in the colon</li><li>Colonic polyps</li><li>Gastric Polyps</li><li>Small intestine polyps</li><li>Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis</li><li>Pancreatic cancer</li><li>Colitis</li><li>Celiac disease</li><li>Constipation</li><li>Diarrhea</li><li>Colorectal cancer</li><li>Anal fissure</li><li>Liver cirrhosis</li><li>Hepatitis</li><li>Stone and sludge in the gall bladder.</li><li>Inflammation of the gall bladder</li><li>Gallbladder polyps</li></ul>If you, your family members or beloved ones have one of these diseases, you can contact us and take advantage of every means of technology in modern medicine through the global hospital and physician network of Hera Healthcare.&nbsp;Please contact us for special counseling.

Diseases diagnosed and treated in Gastroenterology Clinic

Urology

Urology Clinic uses both medical and surgical means of treatment for these conditions, called urogenital disorders. Both structural and functional disorders of male and female urinary tracts and male reproductive organs are investigated at this clinic.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;These examinations include general approaches such as laboratory tests and imaging methods which are used by all medical disciplines, but urology-specific diagnostic methods are available as well.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Among them are cystogram (visualization of the bladder with X-ray), semen analysis, urodynamic tests (measurement of intravesical pressure and volume), uroflowmetry, prostate specific antigen, cystoscopy, ureteroscopy, voiding cystourethrography and prostate biopsy.&nbsp;A “pain-free” solution for the pain caused by kidney Stones: Endoscopic Treatment of Kidney Stones&nbsp;In line with the advancements in medicine, Urology has divided into divisions that are further specialized in relevant aspect of the urology.&nbsp;<img src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dxqhh15dp/image/upload/v1707424272/softawepost/luxvxtk14rhv0adegaat.png" width="919" height="450">

Overview

Andrology deals with diagnosis and treatment of sexual dysfunction and infertility in men.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When needed, it works in cooperation with Endocrinology, Psychiatry and In Vitro Fertilization Units for treatment of low libido, erectile dysfunctions, penile deformities, hormonal disorders resulting in infertility and male-factor infertility.

Andrology

Basically, it deals with diagnosis and treatment of stones in the urinary tracts and kidneys and it uses endoscopic techniques. Also, ESWL, Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy, is performed in this division.

Endourology

Prolapsed female pelvic organ(s), urinary incontinence, interstitial cystitis, overactive bladder and all diseases of the female urinary tracts are diagnosed and managed.

Female Urology

Benign and malignant tumors in the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, penis, scrotum testis and prostate gland of men and benign and malignant tumors of female urinary tracts are diagnosed and treated. It works jointly with Medical Oncology and Radiation Oncology departments in treatment of all these cancers.

Uro-oncology

Medical and surgical treatments of congenital and childhood-onset hydrocele, hypospadias, cord cyst, testicular torsion and undescended testis are performed; this specialty also deals with circumcision for children.

Pediatric Urology

<ul><li>TUR-prostate and bladder</li><li>Prostate biopsy</li><li>Inflammation of the prostate gland</li><li>Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (TUR, HoLEP, Greenlight)</li><li>Prostate cancer (radical prostatectomy)</li><li>Endoscopic stone surgery</li><li>Percutaneous stone surgery</li><li>Surgical treatment of varicocele</li><li>Premature ejaculation</li><li>Impotence</li><li>Urinary incontinence</li><li>Overactive bladder</li><li>Urinary tract infections</li></ul>&nbsp;Laparoscopic surgery allows you go home on the same dayThe advancements in medicine have also led to revolutionary developments in the field of Urology.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Laparoscopic surgeries, also called closed surgeries, have been used in urologic procedures for a long time. In addition, the use of endoscopy in Urology brought about the emergence of endo-urology.&nbsp;&nbsp;Urinary tract stones leading to unbearable pains are removed in a short time without making any incision and patients can resume their routine daily life on the same day.For all eligible patients, laparoscopic surgery is preferred in all hospitals of the Hera Healthcare network. As the laparoscopic surgeries are carried out through tiny incisions and associated with less postoperative pain and shorter hospital stay, patient comfort and satisfaction are maximized.&nbsp;Please contact us to get detailed information about your urologic disorder and its treatment.

Services offered by Urology Clinic

Otorhinolaryngology (Ear, Nose, Throat)

Otorhinolaryngology deals with a wide range of disorders ranging from those that can be treated with medications, such as chronic sniffles and sinusitis, to tumors of head and neck region.&nbsp;&nbsp;Moreover, the surgical procedures for diseases of the nose that cause difficulty breathing as well as cosmetic concerns are also carried out at this department both to treat the condition and to ensure a more aesthetic look .&nbsp;Disorders Diagnosed and Treated at Otorhinolaryngology Department<ul><li>Ear diseases</li><li>Hearing loss</li><li>Ear (external, middle and inner ear) infections</li><li>Tinnitus</li><li>Dizziness and balance disorders (vertigo etc.)</li><li>Smell disorders</li><li>Chronic epistaxis</li><li>Nose allergies</li><li>Nasal congestion</li><li>Problems related to appearance of nose</li><li>Acute and chronic sinusitis</li><li>Swallowing disorders</li><li>Nasal polyp</li><li>Diseases of vocal cords</li><li>Vocal cord polyps</li><li>Voice impairments</li><li>Lacrymal gland obstructions</li><li>Thyroid nodules</li><li>Goiter</li><li>Thyroid cancer</li><li>Congenital neck masses</li><li>All cancers of head and neck region</li><li>Inflammation and hypertrophy of tonsil and adenoid</li></ul>

Audiology deals with diagnosis and treatment of hearing and balance disorders. As an integral part of Otorhinolaryngology department, audiology unit deals with routine measurement and follow-up of hearing levels, starting at neonatal period.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Audiology is a crucial unit that supports the Otorhinolaryngology department for diagnosis and treatment of hearing loss as well as dizziness and balance impairments, speech disorders and voice disorders.

Audiology Unit

Cochlear implants, also called bionic ears, restore the hearing for individuals who are deaf, who can no longer be helped with hearing aids and who have sensorineural hearing loss.Conventional hearing aids make the sound carried to the ear louder and reinforce the ability to hear. Cochlear implants, on the other hand, solve the problem in turning the sounds that reach to the ear into a signal due to a neural problem.In a healthy individual, the sound that reaches to the ear is transmitted to the middle ear through the external acoustic canal. The sound waves reach the tympanic membrane in the middle ear, making the three small bones in middle ear oscillate.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Those movements form a pressure wave and they are transmitted into the inner ear; next, the wave reaches the structure called cochlea in the inner ear. The cochlear cells convert these pressure waves to electric signals and transmit them to the brain through the auditory nerve.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cochlear implant is a quite effective and comfortable method of treating hearing loss caused by a failure in this mechanism.&nbsp;<img src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dxqhh15dp/image/upload/v1707305534/softawepost/ksyqplpjshf76p6zkocp.jpg" width="624" height="330">Basically, a cochlear implant consists of three pieces: a microphone functioning as the ear, an implant that converts the sounds into a signal and electrodes that carry the signals produced by the implant.The most suitable candidates of bionic ear are newborn infants and children with hearing loss and adults suffering severe hearing loss due to impaired nerve conduction.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The advantages of this device will be limited for individuals with underdeveloped language and speech.Healing of surgical wound takes approximately a month after the processor part and electrodes of cochlear implant are&nbsp; surgically placed. Next, the microphone of cochlear implant is fixed to the skin immediately behind the ear and adjustments are made for the patient.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The cochlear implant is used by the patient lifelong.&nbsp;If you, your family members or loved ones suffer from one of the disorders mentioned above, you can contract us to regain your health with a personal treatment plan.

What is Cochlear Implant?

Ophtalmology

Our eyes – one of our five sense organs – are of great importance for our daily life and quality of life. Starting regular eye exams at infancy enables diagnosing the diseases at early stages and facilitates the treatment process.The diseases that are diagnosed and treated at ophthalmology department are briefly explained below; however, it is necessary to at least roughly know the structures forming the eye globe.The outermost part of the eye is cornea. Having a transparent structure, the cornea is the point where the light contacts the eye and refracts. The colored part of eye, namely the iris, is located immediately behind the cornea. Pupil is located at the center of iris.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dxqhh15dp/image/upload/v1705556435/softawepost/s42yq0adwnxoo9s3mtuh.webp" width="749" height="468">Appearing black while looking from outside, the lens is located behind the pupil. Behind the lens, there is the cavity of globe and this cavity is filled with a gel-like structure called vitreus. The sclera, white part of the eye, surrounds the entire eye globe, except for the cornea. Retina is the innermost lining of the eye globe.&nbsp;&nbsp;There is the yellow spot (macula) within the retina, which enables clear vision, at backmost part of the eye globe. The image formed in macula is transmitted into brain by the optic nerve.&nbsp;Early diagnosis in childhood prevents onset of irreversible disorders

Regular examination for eyes that plays a major role in quality of life should be started at infancy.&nbsp;&nbsp;Congenital cataract, occluded lacrimal canals, congenital glaucoma, amblyopia and strabismus are among the ophthalmic diseases that commonly develop at childhood.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Surgical corrections, eyeglasses, contact lenses and special lasers are used to treat the ophthalmic diseases of childhood.

Pediatric Ophthalmology

Refractive surgery department deals with diagnosis and treatment of refractory disorders in the eye. This unit basically deals with refractory disorders of cornea and native lens.For refractory disorders in cornea which is the transparent layer at the outermost part of the eye, ocular topography device that evaluates the corneal surface, keratometer that measures the cornea’s strength to refract the light, specular microscopy and devices measuring the thickness of cornea (pachymetry) are used.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Depending on type and severity of the disorder, various techniques are used, such as PRK, LASEK and LASIK. The technology behind these techniques is Excimer Laser. The common purpose of these methods is to reshape the surface of cornea and eliminate the refractory disorder. Treatment of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism is also ensured.&nbsp;<h2>For cornea transplantation please see our <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.hera-healthcare.com/treatments/organ-transplantation/">transplantation</a> page.</h2>

Corneal Diseases

Diseases of Lens – CataractHaving a transparent structure, the lens loses its transparency and opacifies, sometimes congenitally and due to aging and environmental factors in other cases. The main function of lens is to focus the light to the macula; therefore, vision gets blur as a result of opacification.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This condition is called cataract and the only treatment is to replace the lens with an artificial one. Today, PHACO (phacoemulsification) is a spectacular method that enables treatment of cataract without placement of sutures.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In PHACI surgery, the native lens is removed through a hole measuring several millimeters in size and an artificial lens (intraocular lens) is implanted through the same hole. The developments in lens technology have enabled simultaneous treatment of hyperopia, myopia and astigmatism using the intraocular lenses.

Get rid of the fog in front of your eyes

Retina is the structure that lines the inner wall of the eye globe. The inner limit of the retina is adjacent to vitreus (aqueous humor) and the common name of procedures performed at this part of the eye is viroretinal surgery.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In case of a tear in retina for any reason, vitreus advances through this hole and separates the retina from sclera. In this case, retina collapses inside the globe and impairs the vision.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For diagnosis of this condition called retinal detachment, optic coherence tomography, also called eye tomography, and ophthalmic angiography are used. For mild conditions, Argon Laser is used for treatment while vitrectomy is required at late stages.

Retinal Diseases

Intraocular pressure depends on the fluid that fills the globe, namely vitreus. Excessive production of this fluid or failure to drain it properly increases the intraocular pressure, resulting in damage to the macula –the backmost part of the eye globe- and the optic nerve.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As a result, visual field is lost and visual acuity decreases. This disease usually progresses insidiously and regular eye exam is critical for early diagnosis.Hera Healthcare provides you with unlimited expert and technology choices for treatment of ophthalmic diseases ranging from congenital eye disorders to oculoplasty, refractory disorders, retinal and macular diseases secondary to aging and diabetes to the cornea transplant.&nbsp;Please contact us for special counseling.

Glaucoma

Spinal Cord and Spine Surgery

Spinal cord and spine surgery deals with surgical management of all structural, functional and mechanical diseases in spinal cord and spine as well as primary (originating from the spine itself) and metastatic (originating from another organ and spreading to spine and spinal cord) tumors.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The spine forms the main frame of our body and enables our movements. The spinal cord is the main communication means between our brain and the rest of our body.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Considering all functions of our body are regulated by nerve impulses, any disorder or dysfunction in spine and spinal cord leads to diseases that concern the entire body and sometimes threaten the life.&nbsp;The diseases that are commonly diagnosed and treated at Spinal Cord and Spine Surgery are explained below.

In case of diseases that manifest symptoms immediately after birth such as Chiari malformation, tethered cord syndrome, spina bifida, diastematomyelia&nbsp; etc., surgical interventions that corrects and repairs these deformities are performed.&nbsp;In addition to surgical correction, implants are also used to maintain the effects of surgery.

Congenital Diseases of Spine

Aging, accidents and traumas cause dysfunction in the disc located between the cervical vertebrae. The outermost layer of disc ruptures, which result in overflow of the content, in time.&nbsp;&nbsp;Thus, the distance between two vertebral bodies decreases, resulting in compression of nerves originating from and entering into the spinal cord. This condition is called hernia.

Spinal Stenosis and Hernias

It implies the herniation of discs located between vertebrae of the neck. The main underlying reason is excessive load on the disc and it may be caused by aging, a sudden movement, an accident or a trauma, such as falling from height.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mostly, it is manifested by neck pain; however, the range of symptoms gets wider depending on the severity of disease: Strength loss in muscles, loss of muscle mass, sensorial loss, numbness and prickling in arms and fingers and loss of reflex.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Physiotherapy and medication therapies are primarily tried for the treatment. Spinal injections may be performed to treat the edema and inflammation caused by the hernia.&nbsp;&nbsp;Trigger point injections may be useful to eliminate persistent pain. Surgical treatment is considered if all these methods fail to solve the problem. The surgery performed for herniated disc is called discectomy. Another treatment option is spinal fusion.

Herniated Cervical Disc:

It implies the herniation of disc or discs between the lumbar vertebras.&nbsp; The major symptom is pain and the range of symptoms gets wider depending on the severity of disease, as is the case with cervical disc hernia.

Lumbar Hernia

The spine lies from skull to coccyx as a straight column without any deviation on the posterior view. However, from lateral point of view, the spine has three natural and anatomic curvatures.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The concavities in cervical and lumbar parts of the spine are called lordosis and the front-to-back curvature or mild hump in low-back region is called kyphosis.

Scoliosis and Spondylolisthesis

It is defined as a sideways curvature of the spine. For the majority of cases, no underlying cause can be defined for the disorder. It is manifested by poor posture of the body. One shoulder more elevated than the other, prominence in one of the scapulas.Parents who recognize this kind of a disorder in their children should immediately seek medical attention. As is the case for all diseases, the earlier this curvature is recognized, the higher becomes the possibility to prevent the progression and treat the condition.Since right or left curvature of the spine will narrow down the chest cavity, the potential adulthood problems are minimized when scoliosis is treated in childhood; however, there is a risk of recurrence for scoliosis treated in childhood.

Scoliosis:

Thoracic spine already has a certain level of kyphosis. Physiological kyphosis range is quite wide in an individual who is deemed healthy and it ranges from 20 degrees to 45 degrees. Kyphosis diagnosed in children and elderly people causes far more serious health problems than scoliosis.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The symptoms vary depending on nerve compression and narrowing in chest cavity. Pain in back and shoulder, dyspnea, excess tiredness and poor exercise capacity are among the common symptoms. Kyphosis is considered if angle of kyphosis measures above 45 degrees in the imaging tests performed following a comprehensive physical examination and if the mentioned symptoms are experienced.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pulmonary functions should be measured following the diagnosis. Treatment of kyphosis is determined according to severity of condition and patient’s age. Corset and surgical correction are among the treatment options.

Kyphosis

Spondylolisthesis is defined as a vertebra slipping out forward or backward on top of the other&nbsp; and it causes certain symptoms secondary to nerve and tissue impingement.&nbsp;These symptoms include but not limited to low-back, hip and leg pains, numbness in fingers and toes, prickling, severe pain in arms and urinary incontinence in advanced stage cases. For most of the cases, the condition is managed with surgical approach and spine stabilization surgery is performed.

Spondylolisthesis

Lumbar stenosis occurs when intervertebral discs and joints degenerate due to aging and protrude into the spinal canal in most of the patients. Nerve roots are compressed when the spinal canal narrows. The compression is manifested by certain symptoms such as pain, numbness, muscle cramp and prickling.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The condition may lead to weakness in legs in time. Physical activity (working in standing position and walking) worsens the symptoms. After the severity of the disease is determined with further imaging methods (MRI, CT), physiotherapy, medical therapy and spinal injections are primarily considered for the treatment. If there is no response, the last treatment option is surgery.Dealing with diagnosis and treatment of a very wide range of diseases, spinal cord and spine surgery department cooperates with all other medical departments and intensive care units before and after the treatment. Physiotherapy and rehabilitation is necessary for almost all patients undergoing a surgical treatment.

Stenosis of Lumbar Spinal Canal

Laparoscopic and robotic surgeries, implants enabling movement of vertebral bones, the ground breaking developments in imaging methods boosted the success of spinal cord and spine surgeries and currently, satisfactory outcomes are achieved in most of the cases.&nbsp;Please contact us to consult the spine and spinal cord surgeons in global hospital and physician network of Hera Healthcare and have a personal treatment plan.

Promising Outcomes, A Pain-free Life

Heart Care

Heart, coronary arteries that feed the heart, major arteries originating from the heart, capillary vessels, veins that return blood to the heart and the arteries and veins that transfer blood between heart and lungs are essential parts of a whole system.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Any problem that occurs in one of these components leads to upstream or downstream effects on the whole circulatory system and causes vital problems in whole body. In light of this fact, Cardiology department works in cooperation with all other medical disciplines.You will understand all details addressed in this article, if you know lexical meaning of certain terms. Our heart consists of three major structures.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The heart muscle that pumps the blood from the heart is called myometrium. Endometrium implies the innermost lining of the heart. Our heart is surrounded by a membrane, called pericardium which isolates our heart from other organs. The heart is addressed in two parts: right heart and left heart.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There is one atrium and one ventricle in both right and left hearts. There are four valves in the heart (mitral valve, aortic valve, tricuspid valve and pulmonary valve). The wall that separates right and left halves of the heart is called septum. These terms will assist you to understand below written explanations better.<img src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dxqhh15dp/image/upload/v1707305802/softawepost/ysvde7xvoakoaiks1f1a.jpg" width="694" height="515">&nbsp;

Cardiology

Electrocardiogram (ECG): This is a diagnostic device which records electric signals produced by cardiac muscle and conduction system. It is a valuable procedure as it does not require any intervention, easily available in all healthcare organizations, including emergency rooms, and provides information regarding functions of the heart within minutes.&nbsp;Holter Monitor: This is a device which allows monitoring the heart rhythm for 24 hours. The device, which is the same size of a cell phone, is attached to the patient’s belt and heart rhythms are recorded for 24 hours. This is a valuable tool for diagnosis of heart rhythm disorders.&nbsp;Echocardiography: This is a modality of ultrasound scan that is used in cardiology. It provides various critical details, such as viability of heart tissue, blood flow in heart chambers and structure of valves. It can be used for diagnosis of heart diseases, safely even for babies who are yet to be born, as it does not require preparation, it is not invasive and it provides critical information.&nbsp;Cardiac stress test: The procedure is based on recording and assessment of ECG traces while the patient is walking on a treadmill. It is used for evaluating the response of patient’s blood pressure, heart rhythm and heart rate to the exercise.&nbsp;&nbsp;It should be performed under supervision of a cardiologist. This is a valuable tool for diagnosis of heart diseases at early stage.Heart scintigraphy: This procedure is used to evaluate functions of heart muscles.Cardiac MRI: This procedure is a modality of Magnetic Resonance Imaging which is used in the field of Cardiology. It is used for gaining detailed images of anatomic structures and tissues of heart.Coronary CT Angiography: This diagnostic tool is preferred in selected patients due to its non-invasive nature before a coronary angiography.Other than above mentioned methods, there are various other diagnostic tools specific for cardiology department such as TEE (Trasesophageal Echocardiography), Stress Echocardiography, Tilt Table Test, CT Coronary Angiography, Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography etc.Coronary Angiography and StentBlood circulation in heart tissues should be perfect for the heart to perform its functions smoothly. Blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to the heart tissue are called coronary arteries. Stenosis or obstruction of coronary arteries causes loss of viability in heart tissue, gradually progressing to a a fatal problem that eventually ends with cardiac arrest.&nbsp;If required, a stent is placed after dilating the obstructed or stenotic coronary artery to eliminte this risk. A stent ensures patency of lumen and ensures sufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients to the heart tissue.A catheter is placed to an artery in the groin during Coronary Angiography. After the catheter is advanced to the heart, a dye (contrasting agent) is administered into coronary arteries to figure out if they are obstructed or if there is another problem.Cardiac PacemakerPacemakers are devices which regulate rate, rhythm and pumping force of the heart in treatment of various heart diseases. Pacemakers, which are essentially small computers, can be implanted temporarily or permanently.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A method called telemetry is used for connecting to the pacemaker and adjusting the device in accordance with each patient’s requirement after the pacemaker is implanted.Electrophysiological Study and AblationThe heart has a regular rhythm due to its native signal generation center and conduction network. Any problem in generation or conduction of signals causes rhythm problems that may lead to fatal results.Generation and conduction of electric signals inside the heart are assessed after a catheter is advanced into the heart, as mentioned in coronary angiography.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Treatment is also performed during this diagnostic procedure, if any problem is identified in signal generation or conduction. This is a permanent solution for tachycardia, which refers to a heart rate above 100 beats per minute.Exact solution for treatment of all heart diseases: Hear HealthcareYou may regain your health by having access to all diagnostic and therapeutic means of the Cardiology department for solution of heart problems by contacting the global hospital and physician network of Hera Healthcare.Please contact us for special counseling.

Diagnostic Tools Specific for Cardiology Department

Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic deals with diagnosis and surgical treatment of cardiovascular diseases in any age group.For pediatric and adult patients, below mentioned diseases are diagnosed and treated at Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic:Childhood<ul><li>Congenital heart diseases (single ventricle, malposition of the great arteries, interventricular septal defect etc.)</li><li>Rheumatic heart diseases</li><li>Rhythm and conduction disorders</li></ul>Adult<ul><li>Occlusion of the coronary artery</li><li>Peripheral vascular occlusions</li><li>Cerebral vascular occlusions</li><li>Cerebrovascular aneurysms and malformations</li><li>Varicose veins</li><li>Repair of valve diseases</li><li>Heart valve replacement</li><li>Heart failure</li></ul>Procedures performed at Cardiovascular Surgery ClinicCoronary By-pass SurgeryCoronary bypass surgery is the most common procedure performed at Cardiovascular Surgery (CVS) Clinic. The coronary arteries that occlude due to ageing, unhealthy nutrition and/or sedentary lifestyle, are bypassed; an arterial graft is obtained from the chest cavity, arm or leg and thus, blood and oxygen are re-supplied to the heart through this artery.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Coronary bypass surgery can be performed with beating heart approach or cardiac arrest can be induced and the surgery can be performed while a cardiopulmonary bypass pump maintains the circulation. The rate of complications after coronary bypass surgery in healthcare facility network of Hera Healthcare is lower than the facilities located at developed countries worldwide.After coronary bypass surgery, patients are closely monitored at Intensive Care Unit for a few days. Patients can fulfill their basic needs several weeks after they are transferred to inpatient clinic.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To maintain the success of surgery, it is necessary to follow up the patients, who have undergone coronary bypass surgery, at regular intervals, more frequently in early postoperative period.Today, robotic surgery can be successfully used in coronary bypass surgery.Repair and Replacement of Heart ValveIt is among the most commonly performed surgeries in CVS Clinic. If there is insufficiency in the heart valve and resultant regurgitation or stenosis is detected, repair of the heart valve (plasty) is primarily preferred. Mechanical valves are used in heart valve replacement in all eligible patients.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mechanical valves are preferred as their useful life is relatively longer. Patients need to use blood thinners lifelong after the procedure. Biological valves can be used for young women who have future pregnancy plan and patients who are considered not able to use blood thinners regularly.Congenital heart diseases can be diagnosed even in intrauterine life!Surgical Correction of Congenital Heart DiseasesToday, echocardiography enables detection of fetal congenital heart diseases even during the intrauterine life. Thus, necessary preparations can be made step by step or electively for the surgery to be performed in postnatal period.&nbsp;These diseases include both relatively easily treatable conditions, such as intraventricular septal defect (hole in the heart), and complex anomalies, such as abnormal origin of the great arteries – i.e. the aorta.Aneurysm surgeryAneurysm is a balloon-like bulge in an artery caused by weak arterial wall. The bulge causes turbulence in the blood circulation and the fluid accumulation inside the bubble-shaped formation extends into the arterial wall in time, resulting in arterial rupture. The condition is more commonly observed in the cerebral arteries and the aorta.Minimally invasive or endovascular techniques are preferred in treatment of aneurysm for all eligible patients. It is aimed to implant a stent to the location of aneurysm and maintain the circulation over the lumen of this stent. Surgical treatment is replacement of the aorta in case of severe aneurysm and dissection.Carotid artery surgeriesCarotid artery occlusions are more common in elderly. The underlying cause of carotid artery occlusions is cholesterol and calcium deposits (plaque) inside the artery.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As carotid artery occlusions increase the risk of stroke, surgical techniques, such as stent, repair with patch and dilatation, should be performed.Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic works in close cooperation with Cardiology Clinic, Coronary Intensive Care Unit and Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures since such diseases are of particular concern for these units.Robotic surgery is among the medical disciplines that gained maximum benefit from the advancements in imaging modalities (cardiac MRI) and the evolution of minimally invasive surgery (endovascular surgeries: access is made through vascular route).For a lifelong success!Mostly, patients require long-term follow-up at regular intervals after the cardiovascular surgeries. In the global hospital network of Hera Healthcare, cutting-edge medical technologies are used, patients are informed in detail about postoperative considerations before the discharge and they are also followed up regularly to the extent they consent to.&nbsp;If you, your family members, relatives or beloved ones have a cardiovascular disease and you want to benefit from these opportunities, please contact us for special counseling.&nbsp;

Cardiovascular Surgery

Robotic Surgery

The first groundbreaking novelty was laparoscopic surgery in terms of minimally invasive surgery. Having found its most common field of use in cholecystectomy (removal of gallbladder), laparoscopic surgery enabled surgeons perform surgical procedures through only 3 or 4 holes on skin.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This development has been followed by endovascular surgeries (procedures performed through lumen of blood vessels).Robotic surgery is the technologic peak point of minimally invasive surgery.

A groundbreaking development in surgical procedures

In robotic surgery, the surgeon controls the robot using a console and performs the surgery in this way. To highlight that the surgery is actually performed by the surgeon, this surgery is also called robotic-assisted surgery. The surgeries are basically laparoscopic procedures.This robot not only enables performing the surgery through small holes on the skin and/or bone, but it also provides numerous advantages for the surgeon and the patient.Da Vinci Robot has been successfully used in robotic-assisted surgery around the globe since 1997.

What Is Robotic or Robot-assisted Surgery?

There are two cameras in robotic surgery system. Unlike the laparoscopic surgery that reflects the surgical site two-dimensionally to a monitor, these two cameras provide three dimensional image of the surgical site for the physician. Therefore, the surgeon also perceives the depth of surgical site.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On the other hand, the surgeon can magnify the image of the surgical site by controlling these high-resolution cameras. Thanks to the high resolution, quality of images does not impair with magnification.The arms of da Vinci robot have the return angle of 540 to 720 angles. Those arms with a range of motion much higher than human wrist facilitates the movement for the surgeon particularly in narrow and high-risk regions.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On the other hand, even the insignificant shaking in the surgeon’s hands is not sent to the arms as a command. Thus, a precision under a millimeter is ensured.<img src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dxqhh15dp/image/upload/v1707422253/softawepost/lvzdx8c7aoy3kh6u52ni.png" width="676" height="449">Tumor surgeries that last too long inevitably cause the surgeon to get extremely tired. In robotic-assisted surgery, the surgeon carries out the procedure by sitting on a chair and sending commands from a console, and thus, his/her concentration to the surgery site is maximized.Robotic-assisted surgery can be utilized for surgical management of many diseases in many departments such as urology, cardiology, otorhinolaryngology, neurosurgery and general surgery.Considering these features, robotic-assisted surgery creates a huge difference in surgeries requiring more sensitive movements than laparoscopic surgery.

Why Robotic Surgery?

<ul><li>Prostate Cancer (Radical prostatectomy)</li><li>Kidney Cancer</li><li>Stenoses of Urinary Bladder and Urinary Tracts</li><li>Removal of Uterus (hysterectomy)</li><li>Removal of myomas</li><li>Surgical repair of vaginal prolapse</li><li>Uterine and cervical cancer</li><li>Surgery of Fallopian tubes</li><li>Mitral valve repairs</li><li>Coronary by-pass surgery</li><li>Repair of holes in heart</li><li>Surgical treatment of colorectal cancers</li><li>Gastric bypass surgery (Obesity Surgery)</li><li>Surgery of mouth, larynx and thyroid gland</li></ul>

Examples of Surgeries Where Robotic-Assisted Surgery is Successfully Utilized

Orthopedics and Traumatology

Dealing with diagnosis and treatment of all diseases originating from all bones, muscles, ligaments and tendons of the body, Orthopedics and Traumatology department works in coordination with almost all medical disciplines, particularly physical medicine and rehabilitation department.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On the other hand, Orthopedic surgeons&nbsp; working in the global hospital network of Hera Healthcare achieve perfect surgical outcomes in congenital disorders, all disabilities caused by severe traumas and all joint related problems thanks to improvements in surgical techniques and equipment.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Our specialists simply race against the time for treatment of fractures caused by traumas such as fall and traffic accident.You only need an online counseling to overcome all barriers against an immobile life and painsServices available at Orthopedics and Traumatology department are as follows:Hand surgery: Hand surgery particularly deals with open and closed fractures of all bones in hand and wrist, muscle and tendon tears and ruptures, arthritis, trigger finger, polydactyly, syndactyly and carpal tunnel syndrome (entrapment of nerves in wrist).Shoulder and elbow surgery: Tears of muscles around the shoulder joint (rotator cuff), dislocations, diseases caused by overuse or trauma, arthrosis of shoulder and elbow joints, frozen shoulder, tennis elbow, fractures and dislocations of bones in this body partKnee surgery: Tear of meniscus, degeneration in cartilaginous surfaces of the knee joint, tears in ligaments of knee joint, total knee joint prosthesis, sports injuries.Hip surgery: Total hip prosthesis, dislocation of the hip, arthritis, sports injuriesAnkle and foot surgery: Degenerative diseases, fractures, sports injuries, fractures in bones of foot and ankleOrthopedic Oncology: Benign and malignant tumors of all muscles, soft tissues and bones of the bodySpinal fractures and deformitiesLimb lengthening surgeryPediatric orthopedics: Congenital dysplasia of hip, pes equinovarus, genu valgum, Perthes disease, mallet finger, flatfoot

Arthroscopy implies the endoscopic techniques used in orthopedic surgeries. Arthroscopy is used for both diagnosis and treatment in the field of orthopedics.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Essentially, the procedure is based on inserting a pen-like device with a camera and light source in one end through a small incision on the skin.&nbsp; The camera system projects the images of the joint cavity on a TV.Arthroscopy is a tool to confirm the diagnosis in cases with high-index suspicion in the light of medical history, physical examination and imaging modalities.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Arthroscopy is the only means of final diagnosis for certain diseases. The opportunity to use this method for treatment following final diagnosis by visualizing the joint cavity has been a ground-breaking development in orthopedic surgery.&nbsp;For instance, after arthritis or meniscus tear is diagnosed with arthroscopy, the condition can be treated in the same session. Although it is most commonly used for the knee joint, it can be successfully used for many other joints and even spinal disorders.<img src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dxqhh15dp/image/upload/v1705505880/softawepost/efbahfvpec2u3xur2cfz.webp" width="800" height="400">Arthroscopic surgeries can be performed through very small incisions and therefore, they are also called “keyhole” surgery or laparoscopic surgery. As the incisions are very small, patients suffer minimal pain in postoperative period; also, the treated joints regain all their functions in a shorter time.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Moreover, patients can be discharged within a short time or on the same day after arthroscopic surgeries that are performed under local or general anesthesia.&nbsp;Three-dimensional Imaging and Advanced Surgical Technique: Promising OutcomesIn addition to arthroscopy that enables direct visualization of joint space, both three dimensional and cross-sectional images of joints, muscles, tendons, nerves and ligaments can be used thanks to the developments in imaging modalities (CT, MRI, digital x-ray); therefore, more satisfying and promising outcomes are ever increasingly obtained.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thus, childhood diseases and the conditions that will be difficult or impossible to treat in adulthood unless they are timely managed (congenital dysplasia of hip, pes equinovarus, genu valgum, flatfoot, spina bifida, spinal deformities) can be successfully treated.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;These children can survive a life as functional as their peers and they can resume their lives as healthy adolescents and adults.Orthopedic surgeons working at hospital network of Hera Healthcare have developed and been using the surgical techniques that have been addressed in the global medical literature.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Success rates of surgeries have been maintained and increased through close cooperation with all medical departments, especially the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation unit.&nbsp;Please contact us for special counseling.

Arthroscopy

Surgeries carried out by Thoracic Surgery Clinic range from simple procedures carried out under local anesthesia and minimally invasive surgeries to major surgeries, such as lobectomy and pneumonectomy (for lung cancer).&nbsp;&nbsp;Imaging guidance ensures higher surgical success and comfortable postoperative recoveryIn the light of developments in medicine and technology, open surgeries performed by Thoracic Surgery Clinic have been substituted by image-guided and endoscopic procedures in many diseases.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;These developments both provide thoracic surgeons with a better wide-angle view and patients with great advantages such as minimal postoperative pain and shorter hospital stay.<img src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dxqhh15dp/image/upload/v1705505623/softawepost/c7p52ziysxo3ziechnyf.webp" width="695" height="503">&nbsp;Diseases Treated by Thoracic Surgery Clinic<ul><li>Lung cancer</li><li>Major lung resections</li><li>Mesothelioma</li><li>Chest wall resection and reconstruction</li><li>Tracheal tumors</li><li>Tracheal stenosis</li><li>Pulmonary, esophageal, tracheal and mediastinal cancers and metastatic pulmonary cancers</li><li>Thoracic surgery emergencies</li><li>Rigid and fiberoptic bronchoscopy</li><li>Tumors of thymus gland</li><li>Pulmonary emphysema</li><li>Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)</li><li>Excessive sweating of the hands (Hyperhydrosis)</li><li>Mediastinoscopy</li><li>Minimally invasive thoracic surgery (videothoracoscopic lung and pleura biopsies, sympathectomy)</li><li>Fluid accumulation in the thoracic cavity</li><li>Empyema</li><li>Diaphragmatic hernia</li><li>Pleural rupture (Pneumothorax)</li><li>Rib cage deformities</li><li>Thoracic traumas (sharp and blunt traumas, fractures and bleeding)</li><li>Videothoracoscopy (VATS)</li><li>Tracheal resection</li><li>Trachea surgery and tracheal stents</li></ul>

Hospital stays lasting for weeks have been reduced to a few days by laparoscopic, endoscopic and robotic surgeries. In line with the modern medicine, postoperative pains are minimized, such that these pains can be managed with simple painkillers.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Damage to intact tissues is minimized by modern surgical techniques, especially the minimally invasive surgery.Further Specialization Turns Into Further SuccessSurgical procedures not covered by any other surgical discipline, including but not limited to gynecology, cardiovascular surgery and neurosurgery, are performed at this clinic. Such a wide range of procedures has made General Surgery Clinic specialize further in certain fields (breast surgery, endocrine surgery, hepatopancreatobiliary surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, obesity surgery, transplantation procedure etc.), although boundaries have not been clearly defined.It is inevitable that General Surgery Clinic adopts a multidisciplinary approach and works jointly with both diagnostic (laboratory, radiology, pathology) and therapeutic departments (cardiology, nephrology, nuclear medicine, endocrinology, pulmonary medicine, internal medicine etc.) in diagnosis and treatment of relevant diseases.<img src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dxqhh15dp/image/upload/v1707312915/softawepost/fynxdxy23wbvrxzdfbk4.jpg" width="602" height="399">

“Key Hole” Surgeries Help Milder Postoperative Pain and Shorter Hospital Stay

It deals with benign and malignant tumors and other diseases of the hormone-secreting glands in the body. These diseases include thyroid cancers, thyroid nodules, goiter, tumors and diseases of the parathyroid gland, acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic tumors and adrenal gland diseases and cancers.

Endocrine Surgery:

It deals with diagnosis and treatment of the breast cancer. The major purpose is to remove the part of the breast infiltrated by the tumor. If this approach is not possible and it is necessary to remove the breast completely, it cooperates with the aesthetic, plastic and reconstructive surgery department for breast reconstruction.

Breast Surgery:

Surgical treatment of diseases and tumors of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, colon and rectum.

Gastrointestinal Surgery:

It deals with diseases and cancers of the liver, pancreas and bile ducts. The reason why these three organs are addressed in combination is their close anatomical and functional relations to each other.

Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery:

Bariatric surgery is performed for obesity that cannot be treated with diet, exercise or medication. Further details are available in the section “Obesity Center”.

Obesity Surgery:

It is a subdivision of General Surgery Clinic that deals with organ transplants, particularly liver and kidney transplants. For further details, please see the section “Organ Transplant Unit”.You can benefit from all opportunities for treatment of diseases managed by General Surgery Clinic in the global hospital and physician network of Hera Healthcare.&nbsp;Please contact us for special counseling.

Transplant Surgery:

Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplantation

Inability of a bone marrow to produce blood cells sufficiently or failure to produce blood cells due to any reason whatsoever will lead to numerous problems, including anemia, being prone to infections and bleeding diathesis.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Blood cancers (leukemia, lymphoma), various genetic disorders and the diseases which involve the bone marrow may be the underlying cause of the dysfunction in the bone marrow. In this case, patients should be transferred a healthy bone marrow tissue. The bone marrow can be obtained from the patient or another healthy person.

Why Is Bone Marrow Transplant Surgery Done? 

Bone marrow transplantation is classified into two types. First, it is classified according to the donor of the bone marrow or the stem cell. Autologous bone marrow transplantation implies that the bone marrow is obtained from the patient, while the bone marrow of a healthy donor is used in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. In allogeneic transplantations, the donor can be the sibling (ideal donor), blood relatives or any unrelated person. In syngeneic transplantations, stem cells of the identical twin are used.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The second classification is based on the tissue transplanted. Bone marrow transplantation refers transferring the bone marrow tissue to a patient, while stem cells are used in Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation. In the cord blood transplantations, stem cells are harvested from the placenta and the umbilical cord.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Autologous Transplantation Drugs that are used in treatment of certain diseases may suppress the bone marrow tissue, leading to permanent damage. In such diseases, healthy bone marrow of the patient is harvested, frozen and stored before the treatment is started. The healthy bone marrow is transferred back to the patient after the disease is treated with high-dose medication(s).&nbsp;&nbsp;The risk of rejection and the possibility of stem cells to attach native body tissues are low, as the patient’s own bone marrow tissue is used. Autologous transplantation is, therefore, safer than the allogeneic transplant.Allogeneic Transplantation Use of bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells obtained from the sibling of the patient, a blood relative or an unrelated person becomes necessary when the bone marrow of the patient loses its functions due to various reasons. Similar to autologous transplantation, high-dose medications are administered for treatment of the diseases before the allogeneic transplantation.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The risk of rejection or Graft Versus Host Disease (native cells are attacked by donor cells) is lower in allogeneic transplantations, as other immune cells of the donor are transplanted to the recipient along with stem cells that form blood cells.

What Are Types of Bone Marrow Transplantation? 

A series of examination and procedures are required to assess overall health of the patient and to prepare the patient physically for transplant surgery after it is decided that disease of the patient can be treated with bone marrow transplant. These tests, which investigate if the recipient and donor meet certain criteria, may take several days to complete.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A catheter is inserted into one of the major veins inside the patient’s body shortly before the transplant stage.Bone marrow can be suctioned out of the bone with a special needle in autologous transplantation cases.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Another method is to administer a medication to the patient which increases the stem cell production in the bone marrow and ensures that the stem cells are released into blood. Next, stem cells inside the patient’s blood circulation are harvested with a procedure, called apheresis.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Next, stem cells or bone marrow are frozen and stored to be used after treatment of the main disease. The first step of allogeneic bone marrow transplant is to find an appropriate donor for the patient. The stem cells obtained from peripheral blood or bone marrow of the donor are frozen and stored until the transplant surgery is performed.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For both transplant groups, the cancer, condition which damages the bone marrow, is treated with high-dose medications before the bone marrow transplantation. Next, immune system of the patient is suppressed and the frozen blood cells are transferred to the patient via catheter. Stem cells migrate to the bone marrow of the patient following bone marrow transplant and divide there.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Next, production of healthy blood cells begins. The immune system is suppressed for a period of time determined by the physician. Moreover, risks of infection, bleeding and anemia caused by low blood values are supervised and treated.&nbsp;The bone marrow starts functioning properly and the blood cell counts are restored to normal ranges within a few weeks under normal circumstances, but it may also take longer in case of any complication. Patients are transfused red blood cells or platelets to manage the conditions caused by low blood counts in this period.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Otherwise, infections or other complications may prolong the hospital stay and cause negative effects on the success of the transplant.The transplant patients are informed in detail regarding precautions they are required to take for their lives after the transplant before they are discharged. Moreover, it is critical for the patients to use medications that are prescribed during discharge strictly as instructed by the physician.Organ transplantation success rates in global hospital and physician network of Hera Healthcare are comparable to or above the global averages. Transplant patients are closely monitored and have the option to contact us at the minute they have any concern after being discharged.&nbsp;Please contact us for special counseling.

How Is Bone Marrow Transplanted? 

If the liver is losing its working function it’s called a liver failure and a liver transplant can truly be a life savior (Expectations are at least at 50% survival rate for at least 5 years after the transplant with an acceptable quality of life)&nbsp;Why is it needed?Alcoholic liver disease (damage in the liver because of years of excessive drinking)Liver Cancers (begin in the cells of the liver and not from another organ)Nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease (too much fat is stored in the liver cells)cirrhosis caused by chronic hepatitis CAuto-immune diseasesGenetic disorders<img src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dxqhh15dp/image/upload/v1707306288/softawepost/cyqwdfrjly9jjrj4ri9d.jpg" width="619" height="417">There are three main ways a liver transplant can be carried out:&nbsp;Deceased&nbsp;donor: the procedure is based on a liver that has been removed from a person who died recently. It’s not allowed for foreign patients.Living donor: since live is a regenerative organ, a section of liver can be &nbsp;removed from a living donor, both the transplanted section and the remaining section of the donor’s liver are able to develop again to its past state.Split donation:&nbsp;a liver is removed from a person who died recently and, as the name suggests, is split into two pieces where each is transplanted into a different person.Crossmatch:An important percentage of transplant patients are sensitized: having harmful antibodies which will attack foreign organisms including a transplanted organ from a living donor. These antibodies develop through a previous exposure to external tissue (similarly in cases of pregnancy, previous or blood transfusions.) &nbsp;&nbsp;The waiting period for sensitized patients is always longer since compatibility is a requirement.Antibodies test is done through mixing the potential donor’s blood and the patient’s blood. This test is called a “crossmatch,” and shows how a recipient’s antibodies react with the potential donor’s ones.Positive Crossmatch:The recipient’s antibodies would attach the donor’s which means the organ transplant procedure is not possible in this case.Negative Crossmatch:The recipient’s antibodies do not attack the donor’s which means the organ is suitable for transplant.Paired Liver transplantSince donors must have a compatible blood type and&nbsp;liver&nbsp;anatomy that is suitable for donation.Paired Liver transplant might be a convenient option for you if you want to donate part of your liver to someone you know, but you aren’t a good match for that person.If you want to be a donor, but your blood types don’t match your receiver, your medical team can help you find two other people in a similar situation: one donor and one person who needs a new liver. The donor will have your receiver’s blood type, and the person who needs the new liver will have your blood type.&nbsp;An interchange takes places according to blood types and solves the problem for both pairs.

Liver Transplantation

Renal transplant or kidney transplant is procedure of placing a healthy kidney from a living or deceased donor into a person whose kidneys are diseased, damaged, or missing.The main function of kidneys is to filter and remove waste, minerals and fluids from blood. Any disruption in this function would result accumulations inside the blood vessels which would in turn lead to elevated blood pressure and kidney failure in extreme cases.&nbsp;Common causes for kidney failure:DiabetesChronic high blood pressureInflammation and scarring of the tiny filters of the kidneysPKD – Polycystic kidney diseaseTypes of kidney transplantDeceased donor transplantIn case an organ donor dies, their kidneys are donated to people on the transplant waiting list. A person on the waiting list most often receives one kidney, but depending on the situation they might get two. It is not allowed for foreign patients.Living donor transplantSince most people have two healthy kidneys and can lead a normal life with just one kidney, suitable candidates can donate a kidney to a person in need.Living donors can be a Parent, Relative, Friend etc…ABO incompatible Kidney transplantIn this situation, the patient receives a treatment both before and after the transplant procedure. This treatment aims to lower the amount of antibodies in the blood (Plasmapherisis) which usually cause rejection to the new organ.And since antibodies play an important role in protecting the body from infections, the body would be injected again after transplantation to avoid any side effects or complications, this phase is known as (intravenous immunoglobulin).Cross-Over Kidney TransplantIn many situations, having your own donor for the transplantation procedure is not enough because of blood group incompatibility or immunological reasons.A solution to incompatibility issues is a ‘cross-over kidney-transplantation’. Two donor-recipient pairs are matched for blood group and HLA testing. The kidney of the donor from pair A is donated to the recipient of pair B and vice versa and the two operations should take place at the same time frame.

Kidney Transplantation

In a cornea transplant, donor corneal tissue is used to replace a portion of the patient's own cornea. Sometimes this procedure is referred to as keratoplasty. The dome-shaped, transparent surface of the eye is called the cornea. The cornea is where light enters the eye. It significantly affects the eye's capacity for sharp vision.&nbsp;An eye transplant could:<ul><li>Regain vision.</li><li>Minimize pain.</li><li>Enhance the appearance of a cornea that is diseased or damaged.</li></ul>The majority of corneal transplant procedures are successful. However, there is a slight possibility of complications with cornea transplants, such as donor cornea rejection.&nbsp;Why is it done?<ul><li>Ocular anatomy.</li><li>Eye anatomy.</li></ul>The most common use of a cornea transplant is to restore vision to someone who has had their cornea damaged. A cornea transplant can also alleviate discomfort or other symptoms brought on by corneal diseases.&nbsp;A cornea transplant can be used to treat a variety of conditions, such as:<ul><li>Keratoconus is the name for an outwardly protruding cornea.</li><li>A genetic disorder called Fuchs dystrophy.</li><li>Corneal thinning or tearing.</li><li>Scarring on the cornea brought on by injury or infection.</li><li>Inflammation of the cornea.</li><li>Corneal ulcers that don't respond to medicine.</li><li>Problems brought on by prior eye surgery.</li><li>How you get ready?</li></ul>&nbsp;Before having a cornea transplant, you will:<ul><li>A full eye examination. Your eye doctor searches for conditions that could lead to difficulties following surgery.</li><li>Your eye's measurements. What size donor cornea you require is decided by your ophthalmologist.</li><li>A list of every drug and supplement you are taking.&nbsp;</li><li>Prior to or after receiving a corneal transplant, you might need to stop taking a certain medication or dietary supplement.</li></ul>Your chances of receiving a successful corneal transplant can be lowered by unrelated eye issues like infection or swelling. Before your surgery, your eye doctor will take care of those issues.&nbsp;Results:The majority of patients who receive corneal transplants will have at least some degree of vision recovery. Depending on your health and the reason for your surgery, you can anticipate different outcomes following a corneal transplant.Years after your corneal transplant, you're still at risk of complications and corneal rejection. Visit your eye doctor annually for this reason. Medicines are frequently effective in treating corneal rejection.Correction of vision following surgery:Your vision may initially be worse than it was prior to surgery. The new cornea needs time to acclimate to your eye. The process of improving your vision may take several months.Your cornea's outer layer may take several weeks to several months to heal after surgery.&nbsp;Your eye doctor will make modifications that can enhance your vision once it has healed, such as:Adjusting your cornea's irregularities. Your cornea may become irregular due to the stitches holding the donor cornea in place on your eye. Astigmatism may result from this uneven surface. The astigmatism can cause blurry vision. Your eye doctor may remove some stitches to treat the astigmatism.&nbsp;Addressing vision issues. Nearsightedness and farsightedness are examples of refractive errors that can be fixed. Your eye doctor might advise wearing glasses, contacts, or even laser eye surgery in some circumstances.&nbsp;

Cornea Transplantation

Neurosurgery

Deals with diagnosis and surgical treatment of diseases of brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves that develop in childhood and that are mostly congenital in nature. Examples of these diseases include but not limited to epilepsy, hydrocephalus, skull defects, spina bifida, deformities of spine and brain tumors.It is not your destiny to live with unbearable pains.

Pediatric Neurosurgery

Disorders is a part of the vertebrae degenerates due to aging, accidents and traumas. The load on the discs like structure that functions as a pillow between the vertebrae increases due to the degeneration. When it combines with the effects of aging on discs, integrity of discs is lost and hernia develops. All those effects lead to outflow of the gel-like content, when the outer layer of the disc ruptures

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